Bladder stones in dogs and cats
Understanding bladder stones in dogs and cats is crucial as they can cause discomfort, pain and urinary tract complications for our furry companions. By addressing this condition promptly, veterinarians can alleviate suffering, prevent urinary blockages and improve your pet’s quality of life.
Read on to learn everything you need about bladder stones in pets, including causes, symptoms and treatment options.
What are bladder stones?
Bladder stones, also known as uroliths, are mineral deposits in dogs' and cats' urinary bladders. They can contain various substances, including struvite, calcium oxalate, urate and cystine. The composition of bladder stones determines their type and treatment approach. Both species commonly find struvite stones, while calcium oxalate stones are more prevalent in cats.
These stones form when minerals crystallise and accumulate in the urinary tract, often due to factors such as diet, urine pH imbalance, infections, or genetic predisposition.
What causes bladder stones?
Diet plays a significant role in causing bladder stones, as nutrition and hydration influence the composition of urine and its propensity to form stones. Certain ingredients or minerals, such as excessive levels of magnesium or phosphorus, can contribute to stone formation.
Metabolic and genetic factors also play a role. Metabolic disorders like hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria increase the risk, and certain dog and cat breeds are also predisposed to bladder stone development.
In dogs, breeds like Dalmatians are prone to urate stones due to an inherited defect in uric acid metabolism. Breeds such as Miniature Schnauzers and Bichon Frises have a higher risk of developing calcium oxalate stones. In cats, breeds like Siamese and Himalayans are more susceptible to calcium oxalate stones.
Bladder stone symptoms and diagnosis
Dogs and cats with bladder stones may exhibit various symptoms that indicate their presence. Common symptoms include:
A change in urination habits, such as increased frequency, urgency or difficulty
Blood in the urine, known as hematuria
Signs of discomfort or pain, including restlessness, straining during urination or vocalisation
To diagnose bladder stones, veterinarians employ several diagnostic procedures. A thorough physical examination and medical history review provide valuable initial insights. Imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasounds can detect the presence, size and location of bladder stones. These non-invasive methods aid in planning appropriate treatment strategies. Urine analysis is also performed to evaluate the presence of crystals, blood or signs of infection. In some cases, collecting the actual stone for analysis helps identify its composition and guide treatment decisions.
How to treat bladder stones in pets
Non-surgical treatment approaches for bladder stones in dogs, and cats include dietary modifications and prescription diets aimed at altering urine pH and reducing stone formation. Medications may be prescribed to dissolve small stones or manage underlying conditions contributing to stone formation.
In cases where non-surgical methods are ineffective or when stones are large or cause urinary obstruction, surgical intervention becomes necessary. Procedures such as cystotomy (surgical removal of stones) or lithotripsy (using shock waves to break up stones) may be performed. Surgical intervention considerations include the size and location of stones, the overall health of the animal and the expertise of the veterinary surgeon.
After treatment, follow-up monitoring and veterinary visits are crucial to assess the success of treatment, monitor for recurrence and provide preventive measures such as appropriate hydration and ongoing dietary management. Close collaboration with veterinarians ensures comprehensive care and minimises the risk of future bladder stone formation in our pets.
How to prevent bladder stones in dogs and cats
Lifestyle changes and prevention measures are crucial for managing and reducing the risk of bladder stones in dogs and cats. Dietary considerations, such as feeding balanced diets that are appropriate for the animal's specific needs and addressing any underlying nutritional imbalances, play a key role.
Additionally, adequate hydration is vital for maintaining urinary tract health, as it helps to dilute the urine, reducing the concentration of minerals that contribute to stone formation. Increased hydration promotes more frequent urination, which helps to flush out any potential mineral deposits in the urinary tract.
It's also important to provide environmental enrichment and minimise stress, as stress can contribute to urinary issues. Creating a calm and enriched environment promotes overall well-being, which can indirectly benefit urinary health.
Regular veterinary check-ups and open communication with a veterinarian are essential for tailored preventive care and monitoring the long-term health of our furry friends. If your dog or cat is showing signs of bladder stones or you need expert advice on special pet food, call your vet or contact Doncaster Vet Hospital today.
